ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRIMARY SOURCES

DOCUMENTS and PHOTOGRAPHS

Bell, Alexander Graham. Caveat as filed with U.S. Patent Office, 14 Feb. 1876 and original notebook entries, 1875-1880.

Bell kept notes about his experiments and drew many of his ideas into these notes. I used this information on my What is the Phone page.

Gray, Elisha. Caveat as filed with U.S. Patent Office, 14 Feb. 1876 and original notebook entries, 1876.

Gray also kept notes and drawings on his experiments. I used this information on my What is the Phone page.

Schoelles, Leah Marie. Moreno Valley, CA. Original photograph. November 2001.

I was writing about long distance communications and noticed that the telephone lines in front of the cabin had repeaters. I took a photograph of a line repeater on South Circle Drive, Idyllwild, CA. 23 Nov. 2001 and used it for my long distance section.

INTERVIEWS

Schoelles, Diane Marie. Moreno Valley, CA. Physical Interviews, Oct./Nov. 2001.

Mrs. Schoelles answered questions about what she remembered about the telephone from the 1960's to the present. She was an office manager for over 20 years and is very familiar with office machine operations and the social problems many people experienced trying to learn how to use new equipment.

Schoelles, George Andrew. Murrieta, CA. Telephone Interviews, Oct./Nov. 2001.

Mr. Schoelles answered questions about long distance communications in the 1920's and 1930's, and gave me information about telephone operators and switchboards in rural upper-state New York while he was growing up.

SECONDARY SOURCES

BOOKS

Couch, Leon W. II. Modern Communication Systems: Principles and Applications. Eds. John Griffin and Linda Ratts. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1995.

I used this book for a timeline of important communication dates and for information about how the telephone affected people on my Social Reaction page. The book has many mathematic formulas about electricity and communications.

Eber, Dorothy Harley. Genius at Work: Images of Alexander Graham Bell. New York, New York: The Viking Press, 1982.

This book is the story of Alexander Graham Bell's life. It describes his inventions, including the telephone and his study of wing shapes for flight. I used this book for timeline information, pictures and information about Bell.

Fischer, Claude S. America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940. Berkley California, Los Angeles California, London England: The University of California Press, 1992.

This book shows the social history of the phone on three California Towns. I used it for information and pictures on my Social Reaction page.

Humphrey, Paul. What Was it Like Before the Telephone? Illustrated Lynda Stevens. Austin, Texas: Stech-Vaughn Company, 1995.

This book is a children's level book about all of the things that were used to communicate before the telephone. It tells the names of the devices used and how people used them.

Parker, Steve. Science Discoveries: Alexander Graham Bell. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1995.

This book tells how the phone was invented and who made it. It also tells about previous inventions and discoveries leading up to the phone. I used the book for information about Bell's life, about other telephone inventors, and pictures.

Pierce, John R. and Noll, A. Michael. Signals: The Science of Telecommunications. New York: Scientific American Library, a division of HPHLP, 1990.
Signals is a mathematical modeling book of how telecommunication devices work. I used this book to understand how the telephone works, for some pictures and drawings, the social reaction to the telephone, and the machines that were created because of the telephone.

INTERNET

"Canon E-Store." No Author. Canon.com. 2001. Online. Internet. 15 Nov. 2001.
Available http://estore.usa.canon.com/

This is the official online shopping site for Canon USA. I used the product picture from this site for my Picture Gallery Page.

Casale, John. "Master Telegraph Inventor and Maker: George M. Phelps." Troy, New York, 2000. Online. Internet. 7 Dec. 2001.
Available http://www.members.global2000.net/~jcsl/telegraph/phelps/index.htm

This is a website about inventor George M. Phelps who made many instruments for Edison. I used the picture of Edison's Carbon Telephone and information about Edison for my Who Invented the Phone page.

Connelly, Michael, Dr. "Optical Fibre: Communications Highway for the 21st Century." University of Limerick. 1999. Online. Internet. 7 Dec. 2001.
Available http://www.ul.ie/~childsp/Elements/Issue4/connelly.htm

Dr. Connelly is a Lecturer in Electronic Engineering. I used information from his site to write about fibre optic cables and for the picture of Alexander Bell's photophone.

Crab, No First Name. "120 Years of Electronic Music - Elisha Gray and the 'Musical Telegraph' (1876)." obsolete.com, 3 Feb. 1998. Online. Internet. 15 Nov. 2001.
Available http://www.obsolete.com/120_years/machines/telegraph/

I used this web site for information about Elisha Grey, his picture, and about the harmonic telegraph he invented.

da Cruz, Frank. "Teletype Machines." Computing at Columbia Timeline: A Cronological History of Computing Machines, Columbia University Computing History, Columbia University, New York. 2001. Online. Internet. 15 Nov. 2001.
Available http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/teletype.html

This site is from Columbia University and has many pages about the history of the computer. I used the picture of a teletype machine for my Off Shoots and Photo
Gallery pages.

Eby, Chuck. "Telephone History Website." Antique Telephone Collectors Association. Rev. 1 Oct. 2001. Online. Internet. 15 Nov. 2001.
Available http://www.atcaonline.com/phone/index.html

This web site has information about collecting and repairing old telephones. I used this information about how the telephone changed, which inventions came from the telephone, and some of the pictures.

Farley, Tom. "Telephone History Series." TelephoneWriting.com, A Tom Farley Production, West Sacramento, CA. Rev. 1 Dec. 2001. Online. Internet. 10 Oct. 2001.
Available http://www.privateline.com/index.html

A wonderful site for everything about the history of the telephone, including who invented it, how it works, switchboards, electricity, pictures and references. I used many of the sections to learn about the telephone's history, pictures, and the social reaction.

Flammger, Dawne M. "A History of the Telephone." Course GEO666, Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. 1 Feb. 1995. Online. Internet. 10 Oct. 2001.
Available http://www.geog.buffalo.edu/Geo666/flammger/tele2.html

This web page was written as part of a Geography course project. I used this web site for timeline information, history of the invention of the telephone, and as a source of other references.

Gorman, Michael E. "Alexander Graham Bell's Path to the Telephone." University of Virginia. 16 Jan. 1996. Online. Internet. 21 Nov. 2001.
Available http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/~meg3c/id/albell/homepage.html

This site was my best source. I used it for Alexander Graham Bell's notes. I also used it for information on Bell's patents and how he got to inventing the telephone. It led me to other resources and gave me ideas on where to go next.

Jeffries, David. "A Recent Historical Reference to Reis." David Jeffries Home Page, University of Surrey, England. 12 Oct. 1997. Online. Internet. 15 Nov. 2001.
Available http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/D.Jefferies/telephone.html

This web site gave me information about Philipp Reis and his "das telephon" invention.

Lienhard, John H. "No. 1625: Elisha Gray and Miracles." Engines of Our Ingenuity, KUHF-FM, Houston, Texas. 1988-2001. Online. Internet. 21 Nov. 2001.
and "No. 1098: Who Invented the Telephone." Engines of Our Ingenuity, KUHF-FM, Houston, Texas. 1988-2001. Online. Internet. 21 Nov. 2001.
Available http://mariposa.cc.uh.edu/engines/

This web site is has written pages of the KUHF-FM radio broadcasts from 1988 to 2001. I used this information for my Who Invented the Phone page.

Massey, David. Tribute to the Telephone, Kennesaw, Georgia. Summer 1997. Online. Internet. 1 Dec. 2001.
Available http://www.navyrelics.com/tribute/index.htm

I used this site to find out how long it took Bell to invent the phone, what he invented afterward, why he invented it, and what he did before he invented the phone. This was my second best resource and it gave me ideas during the research process.

matrixvault.com. No author, no date. Online. Internet. 18 Dec 2001.
Available http://www.matrixvault.com

This site has thousands of animated objects and clip art. I used the shooting star on my timeline page and ringing phone on my interview page. All of these graphics are public domain. No author was referenced.

"Nokia Mobile Phones 2001." No Author. Nokiausa.com. 2001. Online. Internet. 15 Nov. 2001.
Available http://www.nokiausa.com/

This is the official web site of Nokia Mobile Phones. I used a product picture for my Photo Gallery page.

"OfficeMax Products Page." Officemax.com, OMX, Inc. 2001. Online. Internet. 7 Dec. 2001.
Available http://www.officemax.com/max/solutions/

This is the official web site of OMX, Inc. (OfficeMax), a office supply store. I used the picture of a cordless phone with caller ID for my Photo Gallery Page.

"Polycom" Polycom, Inc., Milpitas, CA. No Author. 2001. Online. Internet. 7 Dec. 2001.
Available http://www.polycom.com/naindex.html

This is the official web site of Polycom, Inc. They make video conferencing products. I used the picture of video conferencing equipment for my Off Shoots and Photo Gallery pages.

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. "Series Notes, Parts I-IV." Thomas A. Edison Papers. Rev. 15 Nov. 2001. Online. Internet. 21 Nov. 2001.
Available http://edison.rutgers.edu/taep.htm

This site was used for my telephone inventors page under telegragh. I used it for information on Thomas Edison. It contains computerized versions of all of Edison's notes, lawsuits, and patents.

"Stock Ticker Reproduction - Universal Stock Ticker." Stock Ticker Company, stocktickercompanycom, Kalamazoo, MI. Online. Internet. 7 Dec. 2001.
Available http://www.stocktickercompany.com/reproduction/specs.html

This site has information about stock tickers, what they did, what they looked like, and how to order a reproduction. I used the picture and information for my Off Shoots and Photo Gallery pages.

"The Strowger Telecomms Page." Michael (No Last Name). SEG Communications Sponsor, 1996. Online. Internet. 7 Dec. 2001.
Available http://www.seg.co.uk/telecomm/index.htm

This site is a history of Strowger's inventions for telephone switching systems. I used this information for my What is the Phone and Who Invented the Telephone pages, and for the sounds of Strowger's tones.

TelephoneArt.com. No author, no date. Online. Internet. 10 Oct. 2001.
Available http://www.telephoneart.com/index.htm

I used this web site for the art on my buttons and the comic cartoons about the telephone's effect on people.

Tomlin, Lily (subject - No Author listed). "Have I Reached the Party To Whom I am Speaking?" Lily Tomlin Tribute. No Date. Online. Internet. 7 Dec. 2001.
Available http://lily.tomlin.iwarp.com/

This is a web site about all of things Lily Tomlin (actress and comedianne) has done. I used the picture of Ernestine the Operator for my Social Reaction page.

Uselessgraphics.com. No author, no date. Online. Internet. 18 Dec. 2001.
Available http://www.uselessgraphics.com

This site has thousands of animated objects. I used the animated mobile phone on my main page and the flagman on my Social Reaction page. All of these graphics are public domain. No author was referenced.

Warrelmann, O. "Als Philipp Reis das Telfon erfand." Telefonmuseum Hittfelder Bahnhof. 1999/2001. Online. Internet. 15 Nov. 2001.
Available http://www.telefonmuseum-hittfeld.de/seite8.htm

This site is in German and describes the history of the telephone and the telephone museum in Hittfelder Railway Station in Germany. I used this site for Philipp Reis's picture.

MAGAZINE ARTICLES

Allen, Thomas B. "The Future is Calling ". National Geographic: Vol. 200, No. 6, December 2001.

This article was written as part of the "In Focus" series. Allen discusses the changes to telephone communications over the past 140 years and how many people worldwide now have access to telephones and internet connections. I used this article for information on my What Is The Phone page for long distance problems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Web site created using Macromedia's Dreamweaver v. 4.0 for Windows.

Original graphics for buttons and header created using Corel's CorelDRAW v.10.0 for Windows.

Public domain graphics and animation copied from uselessgraphics.com (1999, 2000, 2001) and matrixvault.com (2001)

Conversion of graphics to .jpg format was done using ArcSoft PhotoStudio 2000.

Proof-reading and research process assistance provided by Diane M. Schoelles, Moreno Valley, CA.

Books about the telephone ordered from Barnes and Noble Online Shopping.

Other references and books obtained from Moreno Valley Public Library.

Search engine for Internet research provided by Yahoo!, Google and AltaVista.


Leah Schoelles
December 2001

Title Page / Index / Inventors / What is The Telephone? / Social Reaction / Off-Shoots / Timeline / Photo Gallery